Drowning incident rescuer characteristics: Encoding the first component of the 4W model

The aim of the present study was to identify the rescuer characteristics. Qualitative content analysis was utilized to analyze drowning incident videos (n = 41) and semi-structured interviews of those involved in drowning incidents (n = 34). The rescuers were mainly but not exclusively males between 20–30 years old, physically strong, fit, with good vision, and swimming ability; they tended to hold an updated lifeguard qualification and had previous work experience as a lifeguard; they knew the dangers of the aquatic area. Most of them worked as a member of a lifeguard team, cooperated with other emergency services, were able to visually detect and recognize a drowning casualty and reacted fast despite the lack of response by bystanders.